Critical study of Management and organisations

Introduction Organization and management are processes that entail controlling, coordinating, directing, organizing as well as planning. The study of management and organization is vital in the sense that both aspects have ample and diverse benefits which, if well implemented, will increases the output of an organization through performance amplitude, improved quality, productivity, commitment and motivation (Huczynski, 1993, p. 450).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Critical study of Management and organisations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Besides, critical study of management and organizations will impinge on cultural, economic and social aspects of employees and management at large. Moreover, most contemporary organizations face myriad of challenges such as controlling their workforce and overall production activities. As such, the study of management and organization will facilitate and aid managers in id entifying inabilities and capabilities directed towards current and future expectations (Bakan, 2004, p. 22). This essay explores the importance of critical study of management and organization in two distinct sections. In the first section, it will examine Morgan (2006) analysis on corporate power and its influences and outcomes in different spheres. In the second section, it will examine organizational behaviour, obedience and authority from Jackall’s (1998) and McIlvanney (1989) points of view as well as factors that inhibit managers and employees from taking proactive roles. In the third section, it will critically analyse management and organization from Ackroyd and Crowdy (1990) as well as Knights and Roberts (1982) perspectives. Production activities Many organizations and businesses engage themselves in operations that entails production activities and those that precipitate knowledge on the availability of certain products and services so that appropriate levels of p roduction can be attained in accordance to movements in demand and supply (Garcia-Morales, Llorens-Montes Verdu-Jover, 2007, p. 554). They also carry out strategic strategic movement of finished goods and services to various points of sale as dictated by demand. As such, many dominating brands have produced and marketed products that have played great role in influencing the society. Jackall (1988) argues that brands that offer technology have greatly influenced educational system with their electronic and communication products. He further claims that inasmuch as modern technology has improved efficiency of carrying out tasks among students, created literacy in a society and provided institutions with channels of online learning, employers and managers who seek to employ workers go for tech-trained individuals while failing to notice that these pedagogical benefits are not found among poor schools.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Indeed, the influence that corporate technology firms’ advertisements have on education pushes schools to clamour for latest electronic gadgets leaving more learning institutions seeking sponsorship from private sectors for supply of computers (Garcia-Morales, Llorens-Montes Verdu-Jover, 2007, p. 554). Technology products have today increased in the market. Indeed, the study of management and organization is of critical importance since many organizations conducting advertisements have embarked on relating these products with education while being ignorant of the pressure it puts on students, families and schools that cannot afford them (Garcia-Morales, Llorens-Montes Verdu-Jover, 2007, p. 554). In my own opinion, this does not only affect to a certain degree, the well being and academic performance of the poor, but it also shuts the door of employment to those people who are not tech savvy. This will aid managers i n contingency thinking necessary for management. Besides technology, there are brands that offer food and drink products such as Pepsi-Cola and Coca-Cola. These have spread their influence in society through their consistent advertisement and marketing practises (Bakan, 2004, p. 26). For instance, Pepsi-Cola, whose target market segments range from individual customers to large global corporations, offers products such as Aquafina, Tostios, Quakers, Doritos,Ruffles, Mirinda, Tropicana and Pepsi that are being widely used by students. The haphazard and bizarre thing about the corporation offering fast foods is that they target learning institutions such as universities and colleges (Knights Roberts, 1982, p. 49). Management and organizations issuing these products fail to notice the effects which arise from the fact that students begin to demand for certain products offered by certain brands which most schools under federal program cannot supply. Morgan (2006) points out that organi zational dominance by corporations has been witnessed throughout history through the manner in which group or individual organizations impose control over others. In most cases, this is done by the privileged elite with an aim of exploiting the underprivileged organizations. According to Max Weber, a theorist, social domination varies with different epochs and societies (Morgan, 2006). Organizations use bureaucracy as a mode of creating structures for sustaining dominance. Additionally, organizations, managers and employees assert dominance through imposition or coercion via force or threats. Moreover, domination by corporations can be either charismatic through demonstration of power or authority or traditional. Modern organizations use bureaucracy to exercise dominance over employees and the society.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Critical study of Management and organisations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is seen in the manner in which many individuals remain unemployed and the lack of trust by society to depend on organization. Besides, Morgan (2006) indicates that many organizations fail to treat deservedly their employees such that even those in pivotal positions with glowing reputations get their employment instantly terminated. Referring to Marx Weber, a radical theorist, Morgan (2006) argues that such a treatment is naked exploitation that is practised even with great development in today’s industrial revolution. A key ingredient overall output The performance of groups or individuals within an organization is a key ingredient to its overall output. Jackall (1998) points out that success of an organisation relies heavily on the output of small teams that constitute departments or divisions within it. Increased productivity in management and organizations has been directly linked to group efficacy. One of the most powerful ways through which groups have increased th eir efficacy and effectiveness is through team building exercises (Knights Roberts, 1982, p. 57). He further points out that team building has been a very important organizational practice and behaviour that has highly boosted the performance of many organizations. Additionally, Jackall (1998) exemplifies that the essence behind any team building strategy is that when employees work or pull together towards achieving a common goal, it is more likely that the organisation will realize a much faster growth compared to when they pull in different directions. Hence, the concept of team building can be described as an organizational behaviour and practice that attempts to bring employees together as one cohesive team that works to achieve a common objective or goal (Roberts, 1984, p. 302). Employees can be motivated through a well defined process of setting goals for an organisation. Studies have revealed that people tend to be motivated to work when there are certain goals to be achiev ed after a given period of time (Clegg, Kornberger Pitsis, 2008, p. 250). This type of motivation is well explained by Locke’s goal setting theory. This implies that employees will only be motivated when they are part and parcel of goal setting. Moreover, Morgan (2006) argues that each group member within an organization community should be made to visualize the importance of the goals being set. In most cases, employees will not inject an additional effort if they have no clear idea on how the set goals are going to beneficial, not just to the organisation, they should also derive quantifiable benefits upon achieving the goals. Morgan (2006, p. 250) argues that an employee who is intrinsically motivated does not necessarily require to be impressed by external factors before working efficiently and effectively to improve the productivity of an organisation. However, the author further points out that most employees would appreciate to be externally motivated, either by the s tyle of or better working conditions where job satisfaction is not an illusion but reality (McIlvanney, 1989).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Better management and organization plays a central role in maintaining a high level of motivation of employees in order to sustain productivity. This is achieved through assigning different roles and responsibilities to employees designed in a manner that provides chances for growth, attaining set goals and recognizing achievements (Ackroyd Crowdy, 1990, p. 7). Job enrichment, a management pratise entails granting greater authority among employees to exercise not just their skills and competences but also the unique talents which they are endowed with. In relation to management, Morgan (2006, p. 257) elucidates that management of change in organisations should be part of strategic planning by managers. In order to manage change well, planning should be done in a thoughtful way. Furthermore, the implementation process of the proposed changes should be as shrewd as possible and most importantly, those who are to be affected by the changes ought to be consulted or be made integral par t of the implementation process (Garcia-Morales, Llorens-Montes Verdu-Jover, 2007, p. 554; Clegg, Kornberger Pitsis, 2008, p. 240). Acquiring knowledge in management and organization enables managers to be able to manage organisational changes effectively by creating proposed changes that are pragmatic, quite reasonable, measurable and achievable. Research studies indicates that although these elements are crucial when managing change at individual level, it should be noted that the best process of change begins with from a personal level, then to working groups which spill its influence to the organisation at large. However, the responsibility of managing change does not lie with employees since they are instruments of change, not architects (Garcia-Morales, Llorens-Montes Verdu-Jover, 2007, p. 551). On the issue of obedience, Morgan (2006, p. 526) points out that it is an act or a response to definite orders issued by an authority with no questioning. Obedience in management an d organization ensures that individuals in an organization follow directives and guiding principles provided by laws of operation governing an organization. It is a way of ensuring that individuals conform to or according to the desire of other people including the leadership in an organization in a group in order to please them (Ackroyd Crowdy, 1990, p. 9). He argues that in organization and management, overt social forces trigger dramatic psychological phenomena that explicate and demonstrate in form of social influence. Employers and managers confronted by a certain circumstance or by explicit social forces may struggle to comprehend them and respond to them from external pressures or by private judgment. It is imperative to note that in an organization, there must be order must be understood and obeyed. Yielding to an authority and complying with instructions or orders is an act of obedience. In management and organization, an individual’s conscience is of sociological v alue since it is able to inhibit and restrain as well as cause an individual to obey (Garcia-Morales, Llorens-Montes Verdu-Jover, 2007, p. 549). Conclusion In analyzing why it is important to study management and organization critically, it is imperative to underscore the fact that factors such as management that change, control of quality, risk management and strategic human resource management ought o be examined critically when managing organizations. These are valuable insights necessary to tackle situations and to understand issues such as sudden downturns in economy, transparency or regulatory issues that are political, social or technological nature. I have made my arguments under three important sections whereby in the section, I have clearly exemplified that management in different organizations as well as some brands tend to exercise dominance over others alongside offering products and services that impact greatly to society. In section two, I have emphasized that organi zational behavior and obedience is a key aspect that brings success to an organization. Efficient and effective organizations and managers who motivate their workers accomplish more in production and output. Finally, it is crucial to note that critical study of organization and management does not imply failure in leadership roles within an organization. Instead, it is a method of ensuring that organizations improve their managerial standards to meet international demands as well as increase organizational performance. References Ackroyd, S. Crowdy, P. 1990. Can culture be managed? Working with â€Å"raw† material: the case of the English slaughtermen. Personnel Review 19(5): 3-12. Bakan, J. 2004. ‘The Corporation’s rise to dominance’ Excerpt from The Corporation. The Pathological Pursuit of Profit and Power. London: Constable. Clegg, S., Kornberger, M. Pitsis, T. 2008. Managing Organisations, an introduction to theory and practice. Indiana: Sage public ations. Garcia-Morales, V.J., Llorens-Montes F.J. Verdu-Jover A.J. 2007. Influence of personal mastery on organizational performance through organizational learning and innovation in large firms and SMEs. Technovation. 27(9), 547-568. Huczynski, A. 1993. Explaining the succession of management fads. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 4(2): 443-463. Jackall, R. 1998. ‘Looking up and looking around’ excerpt from Moral mazes: The world of corporate managers. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Knights, D. Roberts, J. (1982). The power of organisation or the organisation of power? Organisation Studies, 3(1): 47-63. McIlvanney, W. 1989. The Prisoner’ in W. McIlvanney (Ed.) Walking Wounded. Kent: Sceptre. Morgan, G. 2006. The Ugly Face: Organizations as Instruments of Domination. Excerpt from Images of Organization London: Sage. Roberts, J. 1984. The moral character of management practice. Journal of Management Studies 21(3): 287-302. This essay on Critical study of Management and organisations was written and submitted by user Mathew Buckner to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Get a Job as an Online High School Teacher

How to Get a Job as an Online High School Teacher Teaching online high school courses can be a full-time profession or a rewarding way to supplement your income. New online high schools start up every year, and qualified online teachers are in high demand. Typically, virtual instructors are expected to monitor students in several courses, grade assignments, interact through message boards or emails, and be available when students have questions. The curriculum for online high school classes is often pre-determined by the school and online teachers are generally expected to follow a particular syllabus for each course. How to Qualify for Positions Teaching High School Online Online charter schools are publicly funded and must follow some state and federal guidelines. Generally, online teachers hired by charter schools must have a valid teaching credential for the state the school is based in. Private and college-sponsored schools have more flexibility in hiring, but they also tend to favor online teachers with credentials or an impressive work history. The best online high school teachers usually have classroom teaching experience, technological competency, and excellent written communication skills. Where to Find Online High School Teaching Jobs If you want to become an online high school teacher, start by looking for jobs locally. Contact the online charter schools in your district to see if they are hiring, send in your resume, and be prepared for an in-person interview.Next, take a look at online high schools that enroll students in multiple states. Large online charter and private schools generally accept applications through the internet. Programs such as K12 and Connections Academy have streamlined application processes. Finally, try applying individually to smaller online private schools throughout the nation. Some of these programs offer online job information; others require potential employees to research the appropriate contact info and make a few phone calls. How to Stand Out as a Potential Online High School Teacher Your application probably won’t be the only one sitting on the principal’s desk. Stand out from the crowd by emphasizing your teaching experience and your ability to work in an online environment.During the application process, keep deadlines and respond to phone calls and emails promptly. Keep emails professional but not overly formal or stuffy. Resolve any technical problems (such as email attachment issues or difficulty accessing online application materials) quickly. Since ​online teaching jobs are all about virtual communication, consider every interaction with the school an opportunity to prove yourself.

Chapter 6. The Intemately Oppressed Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chapter 6. The Intemately Oppressed - Assignment Example It is clear that it is time makes prejudice stronger because after some period people start forgetting what were the reasons and actual roots of the way things are for them now. Most part of the human history, and it is obvious too, woman was a slave, and the worst part was that she did not even know it. And sometimes people say that what you do not know cannot hurt you. But it often hurts and it hurts even more when you do not know why it hurts or when it will stop. What I would like to say is that when some repressed group realizes their dominated condition and also their will to fight, that is when their true power emerges. Women of America made it possible for women all around the world to feel stronger and more confident, to be ready to fight for their place under the sun. The condition of women during the colonization was truly and obviously horrible, even more horrible taking into account that they were not slaves. Of course nothing good can or should be said about puritans as well as about supporters of slavery because those were the kind of people which fanatically followed false principles (well, let’s not talk about witch-hunting) and it is their bigotry that made false principles seem true. But here we have historical event that changed everything in historical development. Women’s movement and also its aim of the Abolitionism is one of the proudest and really events in American history. Why? Of course because it shows how reason can overcom blind and sinful laws. But the battle was hard as every battle that worth fighting, I should even say it was mean for this battle to be fought, sooner or later, because the voice of free spirit always whisper in the ears of those who are oppressed. â€Å"That man over there says that woman needs to be helped into carriages and lifted over ditches. ... Nobody ever helps me into

Panera Bread Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Panera Bread - Essay Example The company main competitive advantage is its ambiance that serves an escape from the daily hustle. Based on the SWOT analysis on Panera Bread, its brand image is strong in the US. By focusing on its competitive advantage, the company has maintained a strong customer loyalty due to its appealing ambiance. Panera Bread core competency is its artisan foods considered the best by its loyal customers. The primary components of Panera Bread value chain include: customer service, operating performance, and inbound logistics. The inbound logistics is more crucial as it acts as a product differentiation mechanism (Srinivasan, 2006). The management should reconsider its strategic measure of refranchising its 73 stores and its attempt to augment its share buyback. The underlying reason is that this will increase the company debt level and thus lowering its future profitability. Panera Bread should instead focus on other effective measures of competing against its rivals such as Starbucks. For Panera Bread to strengthen its competitive position in the global food industry, it should focus on promoting its organic food (Gamble, & Thompson 2012). As earlier mentioned, most people are shifting their consumption pattern to healthy organic foods as they become more conscious of their health. Therefore, this will help strengthen the company competitiveness and its business

Clothing Later Victorian (1870-1890) Essay Example for Free

Clothing Later Victorian (1870-1890) Essay After the death of her husband in 1861, Victoria went into seclusion, and though still deeply respected as sovereign of a great empire, she ceased to influence fashion as directly. The somber colors that came into fashion are attributed to the fact that the British Court remained in mourning. Black became a popular fashion color in this period, not only worn for mourning. However dress forms changed significantly. After decades of full skirts, a new silhouette appeared that accentuated the body while still covering it. The tightly fitted bodice remained, but now the full skirts were swept back, leaving a tight narrow skirt in the front, with all the fullness arranged in the back. The chief feature of this period was the rear emphasis in dress, typified by the bustle, a padded arrangement of drapery that accentuated the buttocks. The bustle was at its largest in the mid 1870s (above right), but would develop in a more tailored form in the mid 1880s (left). However, throughout the period, the narrow silhouette and rear emphasis was a constant. Although the new look was decried as immodest because it revealed, even exaggerated the female shape, it was also an extremely restricting style that required exceptionally severe corseting. This was a period in which more women were coming out of the home and into the community to participate in volunteer work and other public activities. In this period the womens rights movement (which included suffrage, protection for working women, and dress reform) gained momentum. Both the revelation of the womans body and the protest against the restrictiveness of the garments reflected the changing times. In addition to factory work, long done by poor women, the typewriter and the sewing machine were now creating work opportunities for middle class women who needed income. Since fashionable dress limited mobility, changes in dress were called for to accommodate these new realities. Art Nouveau (1890-1911) The Art Nouveau silhouette, particularly that of the 1890s, in some ways echoed the look of the early Romantic period. The Full leg-o-mutton sleeves and flared, moderately full skirts were similar (left). However, the hour-glass figure with its erect posture, stiffly boned collar band, and high shoulders suggested a more formidable image than the slope-shouldered decorative butterfly of the 1820s and 1830s. Increasing numbers of young unmarried women now worked in shops and offices, and housewives were often active in church work and other community voluntary activities. Women also began to appear socially in public, in restaurants and even at the beach. Sportswear -specialized clothing for strenuous activity- had begun to appear as early as the 1860s but in the 1890s the advent of the bicycle put women into pants bloomers in public for the first time. Tailored (but skirted) suits for women, similar to mens suits in cut, were now part of every womans wardrobe (right). A example of a dress by the House of Worth, beautifully shows the relationship of fashion design to design in the other decorative arts in this period. After 1900 the silhouette shifted to the s curve of the new corset style (left), recommended by reformers as a healthier alternative to the hour-glass silhouette. Soft, gauzy fabrics combined with lace became the style, and for special occasions, lightweight white lacy cotton dresses were worn by every one. The sinuous lines and soft materials and colors were consistent with the Art Nouveau style as we have seen it in furnishings and architecture. These soft dresses, particularly those worn near the end of the period, were also reminiscent of the classical styles of the revolutionary period a century earlier. Suits and tailored dresses also continued to be part of the daytime repetoire, however. On the whole, clothing was becoming more relaxed as womens lives continued to expand. Romantic (1815-1840) After 1815 womens dress became increasingly fussy and decorative, as skirts became fuller, and the waistline gradually descended to the natural waist. Severe corseting also returned, as did layers of petticoats. In this period, women were pushed back into a more modest role, befitting the weaker sex, often described as delicate, fragile, and decorative. The intellectuals and artists of the Romantic movement valued emotion and sentiment, in contrast to the cold reason that was perceived to have driven the revolutions of the 18th century enlightenment. Women, believed to be more emotional than men, were idealized as the muses of artists. Some, like Elizabeth Barret Browning and Mary Shelley, achieved recognition as artists in their own right. Women were also placed on a moral pedestal, and looked upon as the guardians of family and community virtue, and the educators of the children. This moral elevation of women would eventually lead some to suggest that women deserved a wider role in public affairs. However, for now, dress reflected the perception of women as weak and decorative. The slope-shouldered, full sleeved silhouette suggested a weak body, and a butterfly-like decorative quality. Later in the period, the look became increasingly subdued and modest. Early Victorian (1840-1870) The young queen Victoria came to the throne in 1837, and would rule England until 1901 during the height of the British Empire. During this period she became a happily married mother of nine children, and represented the ideal of womanhood for her age modest, devoted to family and duty, and the guardian of morality. Her tastes in clothing were also influential, reflecting her values, and those of her times. The major characteristic of the dress silhouette in this period was the exceptionally full and long skirts that completely shrouded the lower body . The skirts became so full that by the late 1850s hoops were needed to support the skirts, as the heavy layers of petticoats could no longer achieve the desired effect. The bodice and shoulders were very narrow, accentuating a weak upper body silhouette and tiny waist accentuated by the voluminous skirts. In the 1840s and 1850s deep bonnets were worn that modestly hid the face and neck except when the wearer looked directly at the viewer (above, right). In fact, except for evening wear, clothing covered virtually every bit of skin except the face (left). However, it was also in this period that the first protests against this restrictive form of dress appeared. Dress reform was associated with concern for protecting the health and welfare of women, which included the womens suffrage movement and the temperance movement. The restrictive fashionalble dress of the day was seen as both unhealthy and as a restriction on womens activities. An alternative costume was promoted that was based on loose-fitting pants borrowed from traditional Turkish womens costume. This costume became known as Bloomers, because it was popularly associated with activist and editor Amelia Jenks Bloomer. However, this costume was not widely accepted at the time for street wear, although bloomers were gradually adopted for girls and womens physical education activities. In the 1860s, though skirts reached their fullest, hats became smaller.Decoration became more geometric, and striped fabrics were also popular. By the end of the period, the full skirts became asymmetrical, with fullness pushed to the back, a precursor of the next major fashion shift. In this period the sewing machine was invented, revolutionizing the manufacture of clothing. By the mid 1850s sewing machines were appearing in private homes, and began to account for a substantial proportion of domestic clothing production. This invention also made possible the rise of the ready-to-wear clothing industry. Charles Frederick Worth became established in Paris in this period as the first true couturier that is the first dressmaker who would set fashion, not merely follow the instructions of his wealthy clients. His premier client was the French Empress Eugenie. By the 1870s the well-to- do women of the world came to his salon to be dressed by the great Worth.

Shakespeares Othello - Troubled Iago Essay -- Othello essays

Troubled Iago        Ã‚   Unquestionably the most perfidious character within the cast of Shakespeare’s Othello is the cunning Iago. He spends his life, it would seem, taking revenge on the general and destroying nearly everyone around himself. Helen Gardner in â€Å"Othello: A Tragedy of Beauty and Fortune† elaborates on Iago’s exact function and place in the play: . . . Iago ruins Othello by insinuating into his mind the question, ‘How do you know?’ The tragic experience with which this play is concerned is loss of faith, and Iago is the instrument to bring Othello to this crisis of his being. His task is made possible by his being an old and trusted companion, while husband and wife are virtually strangers, bound only by passion and faith; and by the fact that great joy bewilders, leaving the heart apt to doubt the reality of its joy. The strange and extraordinary, the heroic, what is beyond nature, can be made to seem the unnatural, what is against nature. This is one of Iago’s tricks. (143) Iago’s very language reveals the level at which his evil mind works. Francis Ferguson in â€Å"Two Worldviews Echo Each Other† describes the types of base, loathsome imagery used by the antagonist Iago when he â€Å"slips his mask aside† while awakening Brabantio: Iago is letting loose the wicked passion inside him, as he does from time to time throughout the play, when he slips his mask aside. At such moments he always resorts to this imagery of money-bags, treachery, and animal lust and violence. So he expresses his own faithless, envious spirit, and, by the same token, his vision of the populous city of Venice – Iago’s â€Å"world,† as it has been called. . . .(132) Iago is the â€Å"perfect† bad guy in the sense that his type is just what ... ...is. â€Å"Two Worldviews Echo Each Other.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Shakespeare: The Pattern in His Carpet. N.p.: n.p., 1970. Gardner, Helen. â€Å"Othello: A Tragedy of Beauty and Fortune.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from â€Å"The Noble Moor.† British Academy Lectures, no. 9, 1955. Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos. Wright, Louis B. and Virginia A. LaMar. â€Å"The Engaging Qualities of Othello.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Introduction to The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice by William Shakespeare. N. p.: Simon and Schuster, Inc., 1957.

Peter Pan Syndrome Essay

Peter Pan syndrome, is exactly how it sounds. It’s a disorder that is derived from the novel Peter Pan written by J.M. Barrie that defines those who appear as an adult but their actions are quite childlike. The ‘Peter Pans’ of present society â€Å"see the adult world as very problematic and glorify adolescence, which is why they want to stay in that state of privilege†, according to Humbelina Robles Ortega, professor of the Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment of the University of Granada and an expert in emotional disorders. Although it can affect both men and women it is often seen in the male population. The syndrome is developed through environmental factors, and cannot be genetically inherited. â€Å"What causes Peter Pan syndrome?†, you may ask. According to top psychologist, it is do to overprotective parents. What this is exactly is that the parent is so overprotective that it does not allow the child to have their own life experiences to grow up and learn on their own, so the â€Å"child† is in need of constant parenting. Dan Kiley, who defined Peter Pan syndrome in 1983, also suggests behind every â€Å"Peter† there is a â€Å"Wendy†. Thus creating the term â€Å"Wendy syndrome†, which is used for women who shadows their companions as a motherly figure. Women with â€Å"Wendy syndrome† The consistent parenting figure in the person’s life with PPS, Peter Pan syndrome, never gives them a chance to grow up. The typical PPS victim experienced a great deal of permissiveness in his upbringing. This led to a lack of self-discipline, demonstrated by laziness and irresponsibility, along with the inability to learn how to control their emotions. PPS may be diagnosed once the person begins to show symptoms and signs. Certain symptoms are outbursts of emotion, expressing anger to the point of wrath, happiness that turns into extreme panic, frustration that leads to self-pity and/or depression, and they always feel guilty. The use of anger is used to push the person away that is trying to push reality upon them. People diagnosed with this also show difficulty relaxing and can be really undependable considering their childlike characteristics. They are also narcissistic with dependency and manipulation tendencies. Basically, this syndrome characterizes the personality of an immature person and also includes narcissistic behavior. Another serious problem people with Peter Pan syndrome have is developing relationships. Referring back to the person’s relationship with their parents, men often find themselves fixated on their mother. Usually because of their fixation with their mother, this is when they develop feelings of anger and guilt due to their conflicting feelings for their mother. The relationship with the father is at odds since the person diagnosed believe his love and approval is off limits. The hang up on their mother is what will cause difficulty in future relationships. Individuals with this syndrome have a hard time building relationships with peers. As a result they become depressed and feel desperately alone in their attempt to belong. They often don’t fix the problem though because their solution to any problem is to ignore the issue and until it disappears. Most people, especially men, with this diagnosis cannot have a real connection with friends because they believe they can only be bought. When they do get friends, they often ‘drag their feet’ and cause a delay when hanging out because they share characteristics of the condition called narcissistic personality disorder. Males with PPS have trouble keeping a love life as well. They tend to become easily extremely jealous and exhibit violent outbursts. If the woman tries to assert her independence, the male becomes easily provoked to fits of anger. They fear if the woman asserts their independence, then they’ll appear weak and not like a man in front of friends. This often causes the male to refuse to share feelings. This may result to having difficulty expressing love, especially when it comes to being sensitive. Men often pick younger women to have relationships with because that way they don’t have to worry about responsibility such as settling down and having a family. People with the disorder could live a normal life. There is no physical or brain function change for those with this disorder. It may take energy from their partner, but with dedication they could show them having a committed relationship can be worthwhile too. If their partner begins to suffocate them then they’ll scare them off, so it’s better to give them their own space. If it is a man, then make sure they still get their â€Å"man cave†. As long as both partners are understanding of the person’s needs with PPS then it’ll work out. The only thing that could stop them from having a bad life would be the narcissistic characteristics of Peter Pan syndrome. They tend to be absorbed with imaginative comfort in their minds which attracts them to introspection. This leads them to be imprisoned by childhood fantasy, not the realities and difficulties of life that they need to overcome. In an attempt to avoid the realities of life, it could cause them to use prohibited drugs and abuse alcohol in an attempt to escape the obstacles of life. The only major complication of Peter Pan Syndrome for individuals having the disorder is not being able to build strong relationships. However, they remain unsuccessful at facing fears and responsibilities, and may also acquire other psychological disorders. According to research, people having Peter Pan Syndrome have very low self-esteem and are unmotivated leaving them feeling depressed. Individuals having Peter Pan Syndrome do not usually exhibit the self-confidence, motivation and determination that are keys for being successful. Treatment for Peter Pan syndrome is uncertain. Peter Pan syndrome is still unrecognized as a mental disorder by the American Psychiatric Association and WHO, which is why there is no specific treatment. There are therapies such as the wilderness therapy, which covers psychodrama, cognitive behavioral therapy, strength-based therapies, solution-focused therapy, trans-personal counseling, and family therapy. There is other treatment modalities as well, such as: The Healing Sound of Silence, Embracing The Twelve Step Philosophy, and Transforming Into An Effective Adult. The Healing Sound of Silence helps the individual keep away from refocusing their addiction on something else such as: watching TV, computer games, drugs, etc. Instead, they put the focus on themselves and their issues in an attempt to get their life back on track. It allows them to learn the basics on how to face the real problems of life. The Twelve Step Philosophy is a camping therapy. It’s a twelve-step program that helps them recognize the importance of a support system. They learn that every individual has a role and purpose. They also learn self care. The transformation into an effective adult is when the Peter Pan-like person begins taking responsibilities. Even though there is no established cure for the disease, the only time that the person with Peter Pan Syndrome is treated is when the individual shows willingness and awareness of their disorder. Since Peter Pan Syndrome is a disorder caused by factors during childhood, any prevention measures should be directed at parents and their awareness on how to raise a child. Parenting discussions should be organized, especially for teenage parents so they are aware of techniques to teach their children about responsibilities. Also, the environmental factors still need to be considered when raising a child. The right role models should always be around as well for positive influence.